Computers/Robotics/Electronics Projects

Question: How Do Dimmer Switches Work?

Remember the last time you were at a movie theater and the lights dimmed smoothly when the movie was about to begin? Looks really cool right? But what makes that happen? Do this fascinating experiment to find out.

Materials Needed:

(Any of The Materials Highlighted in Blue are Clickable Links for Purchasing)

Adult helper

Pencils, number 2 (1 package) Note: Only 1 pencil is required for the experiment, but buy several to account for breakage when forming the resistor

Pocket knife

Ruler

Fine-point marker

9 V battery

9 V battery snap connector

Alligator clip wires

Mini incandescent bulb

Light meter;  (You can  download light meter apps for many smartphones or tablets. Search for "light meter" or "lux meter" to find one)

A dark room to do the experiment

Lab notebook

Project Procedure:

1. Ask an adult to whittle away the wood on the side of a number 2 pencil with a pocket knife to expose approximately 9–14 cm of the graphite core within. This may take a couple of tries (with a fresh pencil each time) to get it right.

2. Using the ruler and a fine-point marker, make marks every 1 cm along the length of wood, next to the graphite core, and label the marks, starting with "0," at one end of the exposed graphite.

3. Set up your circuit board that you will use to test your materials.

1. Connect the snap connector to the 9 V battery.
2. Connect a red alligator clip to the red wire from the 9 V snap connector (in electronics, red wires are usually used for the "positive" connection).
3. Connect a black alligator clip to the black wire from the 9 V snap connector (in electronics, black wires are usually used for the "negative" connection).
4. Attach the other end of the black alligator clip to one of the light bulb leads.
5. Attach one end of a yellow alligator clip to the other light bulb lead. Note: the color of this wire does not matter. Your alligator clip pack also came with green and white wires. You could use one of those instead.
6. You will connect your pencil dimmer switch between the free ends of the red alligator clip and the yellow alligator clip.

4. Take the free ends of the red and yellow alligator clips. Clip one of them into one end of the pencil. Use the other one as a "slider" by pressing it onto the graphite core at different points along the length of the pencil.

5. Read the instructions for your light meter so that you know how to operate it.

6. Turn off the lights and close the window blinds, if possible, in the room where you plan to do the experiment.

7. Turn on your light meter and take a light reading.

8. Now, turn on the light bulb by connecting the red and yellow alligator clips directly to each other (bypassing the pencil). This turns the light bulb on "full brightness."

9. Hold the light bulb several centimeters in front of the light meter. Pay attention to see if the light meter's reading changes. If the reading does not go up at all, there is still too much ambient light in the room affecting the light sensor's reading. You will need to move to a darker room or do the experiment at night.

10. Pay attention to how close, and in what orientation, you hold the light bulb relative to the light meter. You will need to keep this constant for each trial. You can build a small jig (for example, out of tape and cardboard) to hold the light bulb in place if that is easier.

11. Grasp the insulated (plastic part) of the free alligator clip coming from the light source and touch the tip to various points along the graphite core and observe what happens to the lightbulb and the light meter readings. This free alligator clip acts as your "slider." It is how you vary the resistance.

12. Touch the "slider" (the alligator clip coming from the light source) against the exposed graphite core above the 0 cm mark. You should now have two points of contact at the 0 mark, so that the resistance is now 0. Record the illuminance measurement (in units lux) from the light meter in a data table, like Table 1, in your lab notebook.

13. Move the slider up 1 cm to the next mark, but leave the alligator clip coming from the 9 V battery at the 0 mark, and record the illuminance measurement from the light meter in your data table.

14. Repeat step 13 until the entire length of the graphite core has been tested.

15. Repeat steps 12-14 two more times, so that you have a total of three trials.

16. Calculate and record the average of your illuminance measurements for each graphite core length.

17. Plot the graphite core length (in cm) on the x-axis and the illuminance (in lux) on the y-axis. You can make the line graph by hand or use a website likeCreate a Graph to make the graph on the computer and print it. What happened to the illuminance as the graphite pathway in the circuit increased? Was the relationship between the length of the pathway and the illuminance linear? (Does your graph form a line?)

Question: Does the length of a resistor made from a pencil effect the output of a circuit?

Summary: Many electrical devices use "resistors" in different ways to control the electricity in a circuit. In this experiment, you can make your own resistors out of pencils, and test the effect a resistor has on a circuit.

Materials Needed:

(Any of The Materials Highlighted in Blue are Clickable Links for Purchasing)

#2 Pencils

Insulated Alligator Clip Set

9 V Battery

 Small Light Bulb Rated at 9 V w/socket

 Ruler

 Automatic Pencil Sharpener

 Popsicle Stick

 A Coping Saw (you will need your parents help with this)

Project Procedure:

1. Set up your circuit board that you will use to test your resistors.
2. Take one wire and attach one end to one terminal of the battery by clipping the alligator clip securely to one of the terminals.
3. Attach the other end of that wire to one terminal of the light bulb holder contact screw using the alligator clip.
4. Using a new wire, attach one end to the other contact screw of the light bulb holder with the alligator clip.
5. Screw the light bulb securely into the light bulb socket.
6. Your set up should be similar to the one in this picture:
   
7. Before you start your experiment, you need to make sure your circuit works. Touch the two ends of the empty alligator clips to each other, making sure to hold onto the insulated sleeve so you won't get a shock. Does your light turn on? If it does, move on to the next step. If not, go back to step number 1 and check over your circuit to see if everything is connected correctly.
8. Next you will make your pencil resistors to test in your circuit. You will be making several different resistors of different sizes by cutting pencils to different lengths and sharpening both ends of the pencil. You will need your parent's help for this part.
9. With your parent's help and using a small coping saw, cut the pencils to different lengths. The pencil lengths for this experiment should offer a nice variety of small to large sizes, and be at regular intervals, such as 2 inches, 4 inches, 6 inches, etc...
10. After you cut each pencil, use the pencil sharpener to sharpen both ends of the pencil fragment. Don't worry about changing the lengths of your pencils, because you will be measuring them in the next step.
11. Use a ruler to measure each piece of pencil from tip to tip of the sharpened pencil lead. Remember to write down and keep a record of your results!

12. Next, place each pencil resistor one at a time into the circuit between the alligator clips by clipping onto the pencil lead portion at the tip of each end of the pencil. It is important to make sure the clips are attached to the graphite and not to the wood, because wood is an insulator and is not a conductive material.
    
13. Look at the light each time you connect one of your pencil resistors to the circuit. Make a record of your observation, and try to use a number scale to describe what you see. For example, you might use a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is dark and 5 is bright.
14. Remember that piece of wire and that wooden popsicle stick? These are your "control" groups. Put them into your circuit and rate them using the same method and scale you used to test your pencils. The extra piece of wire is the "positive control." The popsicle stick is called a "negative control."

Question: What Are the Best Liquid Conductors of Energy?

Summary: This experiment explores the kinds of liquids that are the best conductors of energy when splitting the molecules of water through electrolysis.

Materials Needed:

(Any of The Materials Highlighted in Blue are Clickable Links for Purchasing)

9 v Battery

Small Electrolysis Apparatus  

Distilled Water

Baking Soda

Lemon Juice

Table Salt

Dishwashing Detergent

Stopwatch

Pen and Paper for Taking Notes

Project Procedure:

1. Set up the Electrolysis apparatus following the instructions, connecting it to the 9 v battery using the leads.
2. Slowly fill the reservoir with distilled water. Add a pinch of baking soda to create an electrolyte mixture.
3. Use the stopwatch to measure how long it takes for gasses to be formed in the test tubes. Record your observations about these gasses. Is there more gas in one test tube than the other? What gasses do you think are being formed there?
4. Discard the baking soda solution, clean the test tubes and repeat this procedure with the following:
   1. Distilled water and lemon juice
   2. Distilled water and table salt
   3. Distilled water and dish detergent
5. Create a hypothesis about the differences that you observed.

Question: Can You Make a Battery Out of a Potato?

Summary: In this experiment, a potato is used to create an electrochemical battery, in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy through spontaneous electron transfer. The energy created is enough to power a digital clock.

Materials Needed:

(Any of The Materials Highlighted in Blue are Clickable Links for Purchasing)

2 Medium Potatoes

2 Cans of Soda

2 Oranges

2 Small Grapefruit

1 Potato Clock Kit  

Pen and Paper for Taking Notes

 Project Procedure:

1. Follow the instructions included with the kit to set up the experiment. Place the potatoes in the two receptacles and observe the effect when connected as instructed.
2. Repeat the set-up process using the 2 cans of soda, the 2 oranges and the 2 grapefruit. Observe and record the effect when using these different items as a buffer during the electron transfer.
3. Record a hypothesis about what is happening during this experiment.